A trader waiting for a large swap to confirm watches in alarm as Ethereum’s mempool makes their pending transaction visible to bots. A smarter, faster algorithm jumps ahead—buying cheap tokens at their limit price, then selling them back seconds later at a profit. Their own exchange executes at a significantly worse rate, and the attacker walks away with value they themselves created. This scenario feels uniquely punishing, but across decentralized exchanges it happens millions has changed: value extraction is now automated into a business where real users become the source of profit.
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